Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels, and through which mechanisms does it act?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing renal calcium reabsorption, and activating vitamin D

Question 2

A patient presents with low T4 and high TSH. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Primary hypothyroidism due to thyroid gland failure, leading to loss of negative feedback on the pituitary

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is released from the anterior pituitary and directly stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

During the absorptive (fed) state, which metabolic process is most active and which hormone predominates?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis; insulin

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems

Question 6

A marathon runner finishes a race and experiences elevated heart rate, rapid breathing, and increased blood glucose. Which hormone is primarily responsible for these acute stress responses?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in response to cold exposure?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus secretes TRH → Anterior pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid follicular cells synthesize and release T3/T4 → Target cells increase Na+/K+ ATPase activity

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; regulates sodium and potassium balance

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism that prevents hormone overproduction in most endocrine axes?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback, where the final hormone inhibits secretion of upstream hormones

Question 10

A patient with pituitary gigantism is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Elevated growth hormone (GH) and increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

Question 11

Which of the following statements about insulin and glucagon is correct?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake, while glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic finding in untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Absolute insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and ketoacidosis

Question 13

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium and acts to lower serum calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 15

Which of the following hormones is NOT synthesized in the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

Which metabolic process is promoted by cortisol during the postabsorptive (fasting) state?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 17

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Heat intolerance, weight loss, and tachycardia

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why growth hormone (GH) can increase blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

GH antagonizes insulin, promoting glycogenolysis and reducing glucose uptake in tissues

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormones (T3/T4) on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Upregulation of Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing ATP consumption and heat production

Endocrine Glands, Hormonal Regulation, and Metabolic Control

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