Question 1

A patient presents with abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone (TH). Which hormone released from the hypothalamus is most likely deficient, and what is its direct effect on the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

TRH; stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 2

Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium storage in bones, and from which gland is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland

Question 3

A woman is experiencing difficulty with milk production postpartum. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and from which gland is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL) from the anterior pituitary

Question 4

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and what is the primary effect of IGFs on skeletal muscle and bone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); increases DNA/protein synthesis and mitosis

Question 5

A patient with chronic stress has elevated levels of ACTH. Which gland is being stimulated, and what hormone is primarily released as a result?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex; releases corticosteroids

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the pineal gland and is responsible for regulating day/night cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 7

A patient with low blood calcium levels is found to have increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). What are the two main target organs of PTH, and what are its effects?

Accepted Answer

Bones and kidneys; increases calcium storage and reabsorption

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogens and progesterone?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 9

A patient is unable to produce sufficient sperm. Which hormone from the anterior pituitary is most likely deficient, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

FSH; targets the testes

Question 10

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth, and from which part of the pituitary is it released?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

Question 11

A patient with diabetes mellitus has impaired glucose uptake in tissues. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary effect on cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; increases cellular glucose intake

Question 12

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine during short-term stress, and what is the physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus; increases norepinephrine release

Question 13

Which hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose, and what is its effect on the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 14

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion. What is the expected effect on the liver and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Increased IGF production in the liver and increased mitosis in skeletal muscle

Question 15

Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH, and what is the effect of these hormones on the gonads?

Accepted Answer

GnRH; FSH and LH stimulate sperm and egg production, and sex hormone secretion

Question 16

A patient with osteoporosis is found to have low calcitonin levels. What is the expected effect on bone calcium storage?

Accepted Answer

Decreased calcium storage in bones

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the parathyroid gland and increases both calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and vitamin D activation?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 18

A patient with a pineal gland tumor has disrupted sleep patterns. Which hormone is most likely affected, and what is its normal function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates day/night cycles

Question 19

Which hormone is released from the pancreas and increases glucose uptake in tissues, and what is the effect on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose levels

Question 20

A patient with Addison's disease has low levels of corticosteroids. Which hormone from the anterior pituitary is most likely deficient, and what is its target gland?

Accepted Answer

ACTH; targets the adrenal cortex

Endocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Physiological Effects

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