Question 1

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely under-secreted, and what is its primary effect on bones?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; increases calcium storage in bones

Question 2

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH from the hypothalamus, and what is its effect on the testes?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH); stimulates testosterone production

Question 3

A patient with a pituitary tumor is experiencing excessive milk production. Which hormone is likely overproduced, and what is its target tissue?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL); breasts

Question 4

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids, and what is the primary function of corticosteroids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); long-term stress response

Question 5

A person is experiencing symptoms of low blood sugar. Which pancreatic hormone is likely under-secreted, and what is its effect on the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the pineal gland, and what is its primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates day/night cycles

Question 7

A patient has a deficiency in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased thyroid hormone (TH) production

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 9

A patient is found to have low levels of IGFs (insulin-like growth factors). Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary target organ for IGF production?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); liver

Question 10

Which hormone increases both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, and what is the net effect on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 11

A patient with a parathyroid gland disorder is experiencing decreased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Which hormone is likely deficient, and what is another effect of this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases vitamin D activation

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating both egg production in ovaries and sperm production in testes?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 13

A patient is experiencing symptoms of both decreased estrogen and progesterone. Which hormone from the anterior pituitary is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 14

Which hormone is released in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, and what is its effect on the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); stimulates corticosteroid release

Question 15

A patient is unable to regulate their day/night cycles. Which gland and hormone are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Pineal gland; melatonin

Question 16

Which hormone is released from the thyroid gland and acts to increase calcium storage in bones?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 17

A patient with a deficiency in insulin will have which of the following effects on their body tissues?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glucose uptake

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone (TH)?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 19

A patient is experiencing decreased mitosis and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and bone. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 20

Which hormone is released from the pancreas and acts to increase glucose uptake in most body tissues?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Endocrine System: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Associated Glands

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