Question 1

Which statement best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function in human anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

The structure of the heart valves causes the blood to flow in only one direction when the heart pumps.

Question 2

A biologist uses MRI data to compare the shape of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, and esophagus for 100 subjects who complain of regular heartburn and 100 subjects who do not experience heartburn. Is this approach more anatomical or physiological?

Accepted Answer

Anatomical

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why it is important to have some knowledge of anatomy in order to study physiology?

Accepted Answer

It is important because how something functions (physiology) is directly dependent on its structure (anatomy).

Question 4

Given the following levels of organization: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, which represents the correct hierarchy from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organism

Question 5

Statins are medications that lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. At what level of organization do statins work most directly?

Accepted Answer

Cellular level

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of anatomical variation that could lead to medical error?

Accepted Answer

A patient has an unusual branching pattern of the hepatic artery not shown in standard textbooks.

Question 7

Which activity would most likely be performed by someone that considers themselves a physiologist?

Accepted Answer

Grow liver cells in cell culture to measure how quickly they metabolize alcohol in different conditions.

Question 8

Which statement about the levels of organization in anatomy and physiology is most correct?

Accepted Answer

Changes to anatomy or physiology at one level are likely to affect function at many other levels.

Question 9

During a cancer screening, a doctor may choose to screen using histological or cytological methods. Cytological methods are often less invasive than histological methods. Why?

Accepted Answer

Cytology can be performed using genetic or molecular analysis of body fluids such as saliva or urine, while histology usually requires tissue gathered from a biopsy or dissection.

Question 10

People who lift weights or participate in similar resistance exercises will typically have bones that are thicker and new structure internally compared to people who do not lift weights. Is the difference between people who lift weights and those who don’t a difference in anatomy or a difference in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of how structure and function are related at all levels of organization?

Accepted Answer

The branching of blood vessels increases surface area for exchange of gases and nutrients.

Question 12

A researcher wants to study how quickly neurons transmit signals across the cell membrane. Which level of organization is most relevant to this study?

Accepted Answer

Cellular level

Question 13

Which of the following statements about reference bodies in anatomy is correct?

Accepted Answer

Reference bodies are used for learning anatomy, but there is extreme variation in the population.

Question 14

Why might textbooks only present one blood vessel branching structure, even though anatomical variation exists?

Accepted Answer

Textbooks present the most common pattern for simplicity, but this can lead to medical errors if a patient has a different branching pattern.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a physiological study?

Accepted Answer

Measuring the change in pH of subjects’ stomach acid before and after eating and comparing that data to the amount of heartburn the subject reports experiencing.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between structure and function in anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Function} \propto 	ext{Structure}$$

Question 17

A patient’s heart valves are malformed, causing blood to flow backward into the heart chambers. Which concept does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Structure determines function.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Atomic and molecular level, macromolecule, cellular level, tissue level, organ, organism

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Structure, Function, and Organization

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