Q: According to the first law of thermodynamics, which equation correctly represents energy balance in the human body?

$$\text{Energy Input} = \text{Energy Output} + \text{Energy Stored}$$

Q: A food contains 10 g of carbohydrate, 5 g of protein, and 2 g of fat. Using the average energy content per gram, what is the total caloric value of the food?

$$10 \times 4 + 5 \times 4 + 2 \times 9 = 40 + 20 + 18 = 78$$ kcal

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the feeding center and the satiety center in the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

The feeding center stimulates appetite, while the satiety center inhibits food intake.

Question 2

According to the first law of thermodynamics, which equation correctly represents energy balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Energy Input} = 	ext{Energy Output} + 	ext{Energy Stored}$$

Question 3

A food contains 10 g of carbohydrate, 5 g of protein, and 2 g of fat. Using the average energy content per gram, what is the total caloric value of the food?

Accepted Answer

$$10 	imes 4 + 5 	imes 4 + 2 	imes 9 = 40 + 20 + 18 = 78$$ kcal

Question 4

Which of the following is a method for measuring an individual's metabolic rate indirectly?

Accepted Answer

Measuring oxygen consumption over time

Question 5

Which factor can be voluntarily controlled to influence metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Physical activity

Question 6

Compare the energy storage capacity of glycogen and fat. Which holds more energy and which is easier to access?

Accepted Answer

Fat holds more energy, but glycogen is easier to access.

Question 7

Which of the following best defines metabolism?

Accepted Answer

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 8

Which pathway is catabolic?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of push-pull control in metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Insulin stimulates glycogenesis while glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 10

After absorption, what are the three possible fates of glucose in the body?

Accepted Answer

Used for ATP production, stored as glycogen, or converted to fat

Question 11

Which process must amino acids undergo before entering aerobic metabolism to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

Deamination

Question 12

What is the primary stimulus for glucagon release?

Accepted Answer

Low plasma glucose concentration

Question 13

Which hormone is dominant during the fed state and what is its net metabolic effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; promotes anabolism and storage of nutrients

Question 14

Which of the following is a typical effect of untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis

Question 15

Which equation best represents the conversion of fatty acids to ATP via beta-oxidation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Fatty Acid} \xrightarrow{\beta	ext{-oxidation}} 	ext{Acetyl-CoA} ightarrow 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a criterion for classifying a person as having metabolic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Central obesity, elevated fasting glucose, and high blood pressure

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms achieves heat loss in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Sweating and vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in body temperature regulation?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the integrating center for temperature homeostasis

Question 19

Which of the following is a physiological response to cold temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone?

Accepted Answer

Shivering thermogenesis

Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Temperature Regulation: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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