Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 90 beats/min and a stroke volume (SV) of 60 mL/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 90 \times 60 = 5400\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling.

Question 2

A patient presents with a pericardial friction rub and signs of cardiac tamponade. What is the most immediate threat to the patient’s health?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the heart limiting its ability to pump blood effectively.

Question 3

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood into a high-resistance, high-pressure systemic circuit.

Question 6

A patient with mitral valve stenosis will most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased workload on the left ventricle due to restricted blood flow into the ventricle.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential travels through the intrinsic conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the plateau phase of the cardiac contractile cell action potential?

Accepted Answer

It is due to the slow influx of Ca2+ ions and a decrease in K+ permeability.

Question 9

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 90 beats/min and a stroke volume (SV) of 60 mL/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 90 	imes 60 = 5400\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely increase end diastolic volume (EDV) and thus increase stroke volume (SV), according to the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return during exercise

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with left-sided heart failure. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath

Question 12

Which of the following is a unique feature of cardiac muscle cells compared to skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Ability to contract without neural stimulation due to pacemaker cells

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why tetanic contractions cannot occur in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

The absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle is almost as long as the contraction itself.

Question 14

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged Q-T interval. What is the clinical significance of this finding?

Accepted Answer

It indicates an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely result from hyperkalemia (high blood K+)?

Accepted Answer

Heart block and possible cardiac arrest

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 17

A patient with a heart rate of 120 beats/min and a stroke volume of 40 mL/beat has a cardiac output of:

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 120 	imes 40 = 4800\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge (atrial) reflex?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate in response to increased atrial filling.

Question 19

Which of the following congenital heart defects involves both mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood and narrowed valves or vessels?

Accepted Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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