Question 1

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a defect in the interatrial septum, resulting in a persistent opening between the right and left atria. Which structure is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the pericardial fluid?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction between the heart and pericardium during contraction.

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cells have more mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells require more ATP for continuous contraction.

Question 6

A blockage in the pulmonary arteries would most directly affect which circuit of the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circuit

Question 7

Which of the following equations best represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 8

If the left AV valve (mitral valve) fails to close properly, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Blood will flow backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Question 9

Which structure delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary veins

Question 10

Which of the following is a unique feature of cardiac muscle cells that allows them to contract without external stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Automaticity

Question 11

A patient has a congenital defect in the ductus arteriosus, which fails to close after birth. What is the adult remnant of this structure called?

Accepted Answer

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate rapid electrical communication between cells.

Question 13

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

Supplying oxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 18

A patient with a damaged right AV valve (tricuspid) is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Regurgitation of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the role of the fossa ovalis in the adult heart?

Accepted Answer

It is a remnant of the foramen ovale, which allowed blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Structure and Function

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