Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support, regulates transport, communicates with other cells, and identifies the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and what is the underlying process?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; water moved into the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 4

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which type of membrane transport, and what is the stoichiometry of ions moved?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport; 3 Na$$^+$$ out, 2 K$$^+ in $$per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for most of the cell’s ATP production, and what is the name of its inner membrane folds?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; cristae

Question 6

A patient with Tay-Sachs disease is missing an enzyme in which organelle, leading to the accumulation of glycolipids in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why osmosis is not simply the diffusion of water?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is reversible and requires a membrane; diffusion is not reversible and does not require a membrane.

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal filament is primarily responsible for muscle contraction and the crawling movement of phagocytes?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 9

A drug that blocks the function of dynein would most directly affect which cellular structures?

Accepted Answer

Cilia and flagella

Question 10

Which process is described by the movement of large particles, such as bacteria, into a cell by engulfment and formation of a vesicle?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Question 12

A mutation in the gene encoding a chloride ion channel leads to thick mucus in the lungs and salty sweat. Which organelle’s quality control system is responsible for destroying the slightly misfolded, but potentially functional, protein in this disease?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A codon is a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies an amino acid.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

They detoxify chemicals, metabolize fatty acids, and synthesize certain phospholipids.

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase. What is the most immediate effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis will stop because mRNA cannot be produced.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why sports drinks can help rehydrate cells after excessive sweating?

Accepted Answer

They make the extracellular fluid hypotonic, causing water to move back into the cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support, movement, and positioning organelles

Question 18

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 19

A scientist observes a cell with condensed chromosomes aligned at the cell’s equator and spindle fibers attached. Which stage of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 20

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy from a concentration gradient established by primary active transport to move another substance against its gradient.

The Cell: Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport (Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide)

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