Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation is an atom with a positive charge due to the loss of electrons, while an anion is an atom with a negative charge due to the gain of electrons.

Question 2

Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four that make up the majority of the human body?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 3

A solution has a pH of 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding this solution?

Accepted Answer

It is an acidic solution with a high concentration of $$[H^+]$$ ions.

Question 4

Which property of water is MOST responsible for its ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances, earning it the title 'universal solvent'?

Accepted Answer

Its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds

Question 5

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases energy, with $$\Delta G \u003c 0$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a trace element essential for thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 7

A patient is exposed to a radioisotope during a diagnostic scan. Which of the following best describes a radioisotope?

Accepted Answer

An isotope with an unstable nucleus that emits radiation

Question 8

Which of the following best explains how enzymes affect chemical reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

They decrease the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur more rapidly.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule ($$H_2O)$$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers maintain pH by minimizing changes in $$[H^+]$$ concentration.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy; catabolism breaks down molecules, releasing energy.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 13

A patient is suffering from acidosis (low blood pH). Which buffer system in the human body is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the structure of an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group ($$-NH_2$), a carboxyl group (-$$COOH$$), a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about ATP is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a decomposition (catabolic) reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$2H_2O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O + O_2$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?

Accepted Answer

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?

Accepted Answer

They are specific to their substrates.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen; inorganic compounds do not necessarily contain both.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why magnesium (Mg) forms a $$2^+$$ ion?

Accepted Answer

Magnesium has two electrons in its valence shell, which it loses to achieve a stable electron configuration.

The Chemical Level of Organization: Study Notes

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