Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid for transport by the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, muscle wasting, and a 'moon face.' Laboratory tests reveal elevated cortisol levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's disease

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels and promotes the uptake of glucose by target cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH → TSH → T3/T4 → inhibition of TRH and TSH

Question 5

A hydrophobic hormone, such as a steroid, exerts its effects by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Diffusing into the target cell, binding to an intracellular receptor, and altering gene expression

Question 6

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for sodium retention and potassium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which dangerous condition due to accumulation of ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal absorption, and increasing renal reabsorption.

Question 10

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and causes vasodilation and increased sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 11

A patient with Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting as an antagonist?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon acting on blood glucose levels

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophilic peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the mammary glands via a positive feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 17

A patient with Addison disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances

Question 18

Which hormone is produced by adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus to induce satiety?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on acid-base homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases hydrogen ion excretion in the kidneys, helping to maintain blood pH.

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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