Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid for transport by the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted, and what is its primary site of action?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; acts on the kidney tubules to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH from the hypothalamus → TSH from the anterior pituitary → T3/T4 from the thyroid gland → inhibition of TRH and TSH release

Question 4

A patient with untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following complications due to the lack of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis, due to increased ketone body production from fatty acid breakdown.

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing calcium release from bone.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have longer half-lives in the blood compared to peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and often bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from rapid degradation.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membranes of kidney tubule cells, increasing water reabsorption.

Question 8

A patient with Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos due to elevated thyroid hormone levels.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophilic peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second-messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the heart and what is its primary effect on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); decreases blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and sodium excretion.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a multi-tiered negative feedback loop in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus releases CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Elevated cortisol inhibits both CRH and ACTH release.

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics and what is its chemical nature?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone; a hydrophobic steroid hormone derived from cholesterol.

Question 13

A patient is experiencing frequent urination and excessive thirst due to a lack of ADH. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal absorption, and increasing renal reabsorption of calcium.

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates the sleep-wake cycle in response to light and dark.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why oral preparations of human growth hormone (hGH) are ineffective?

Accepted Answer

hGH is a protein hormone and is destroyed by acid and enzymes in the stomach.

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas and what is its effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucagon raises blood glucose.

Question 19

Which hormone is produced by adipose tissue and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Leptin; induces satiety by acting on the hypothalamus.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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