Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between endocrine and nervous system communication?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system is slower but longer lasting, while the nervous system is faster but short-lived.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; lowers blood calcium levels

Question 4

Which of the following is a peptide hormone released by beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 5

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High metabolic rate and body temperature

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene transcription.

Question 8

A patient with Addison disease is unable to tolerate stress and has low blood glucose. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids

Question 9

Which hormone is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone enabling the effect of growth hormone

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms

Question 12

A patient with high blood pressure and low potassium is found to have excessive aldosterone secretion. What is the most likely effect of this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium and water retention

Question 13

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to high blood volume and causes a decrease in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity

Question 15

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following underlying problems?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance in target tissues

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activates adenylate cyclase → ATP converted to cAMP → cAMP activates kinases

Question 18

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 19

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely have abnormal levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 20

Which hormone is produced by the testes and is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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