Q: Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of hormone release?

If $$[H]$$ increases, then $$\text{Target Organ Response}$$ increases, leading to $$\text{Inhibition of } [H]$$ release.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands lack ducts and release hormones into the blood, while exocrine glands have ducts and release nonhormonal substances to membrane surfaces.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive urination and dehydration following head trauma. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in reduced water reabsorption in kidney tubules.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol and acts on intracellular receptors to directly activate genes?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Amino acid–based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects on target cells by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to plasma membrane receptors and acting via G protein second messengers such as cyclic AMP.

Question 5

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of hormone release?

Accepted Answer

If $$[H]$$ increases, then $$	ext{Target Organ Response}$$ increases, leading to $$	ext{Inhibition of } [H]$$ release.

Question 6

Which scenario best illustrates hormonal antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises blood glucose.

Question 7

A patient with persistently high levels of a hormone is found to have decreased sensitivity to that hormone. Which cellular mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of hormone receptors.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Declining blood $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ concentration stimulating parathyroid hormone release.

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and acts as a 'water saver' by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present.

Question 11

A child is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is the expected effect on cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of growth hormone (GH), leading to decreased cellular protein synthesis and reduced cell division.

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is NOT a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones cannot directly activate genes?

Accepted Answer

They cannot enter the cell and instead act via second messengers.

Question 14

Which hormone is released in response to neural stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system and is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic hormones stimulate anterior pituitary, which stimulates target organ; hormones from target organ inhibit anterior pituitary hormone release.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females, and what event promotes its continued release?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL); suckling by the infant.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

GH decreases rate of cellular glucose uptake and increases blood levels of fatty acids for fuel.

Question 18

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between hormone concentration and receptor number in up-regulation?

Accepted Answer

If $$[H] is $$low, then $$	ext{Receptor Number}$$ increases.

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and is responsible for triggering ovulation in females?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 20

A patient with an anterior pituitary tumor is found to have enlarged hands, feet, and face. Which hormone is most likely hypersecreted, and what is the condition called?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); acromegaly.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드