Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of their method of controlling body functions?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system controls body actions through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system controls activities by releasing hormones.

Question 2

A patient is given a synthetic hormone that blocks the receptors for a naturally occurring hormone. What is the most likely effect on the target cells?

Accepted Answer

The target cells will decrease their response to the natural hormone due to receptor blockade.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is most likely to be destroyed by digestive enzymes if administered orally, and therefore must be given by injection?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 4

A water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the cell membrane. Which of the following sequences correctly describes the cascade of events that follows?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G-protein activated → adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP ($$cAMP$$) → protein kinases activated → enzymes phosphorylated

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Transport proteins make lipid-soluble hormones temporarily water-soluble, slow their loss in urine, and provide a reserve in the blood.

Question 6

A patient presents with hyperglycemia and enlarged hands and feet. Which hormone is most likely being secreted in excess, and what is the condition called?

Accepted Answer

Excess hGH; acromegaly

Question 7

Which hormone stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 8

A patient with hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and dehydration

Question 9

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium and phosphate levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium and decreases blood phosphate levels.

Question 10

A patient with Graves' disease is most likely to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism due to an autoimmune disorder

Question 11

Which of the following hormones is released in response to high blood osmotic pressure and acts to decrease urine volume?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the immediate 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

A patient with hypoparathyroidism is at risk for which of the following clinical manifestations?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tetany due to low blood calcium

Question 14

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection during childbirth and nursing?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin (OT)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose involving insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers glucose; low blood glucose stimulates glucagon release, which raises glucose.

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium and water reabsorption, decreases potassium reabsorption

Question 17

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is most likely to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Regulates diurnal rhythm linked to the dark-light cycle

Question 19

A patient with Type II diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following underlying mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of insulin receptors leading to decreased sensitivity to insulin

Question 20

During the resistance stage of the stress response, which hormone is produced in high concentrations and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids; accelerate catabolism to provide energy to counteract stress

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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