Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system uses hormones that travel through the blood to reach distant targets, while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters that act over short distances.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and edema. Laboratory tests reveal excessive sodium retention and potassium loss. Which hormone is most likely hypersecreted, and what is the primary mechanism regulating its release?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol, is lipid-soluble, and acts by directly activating genes within the target cell nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

A person with a tumor causing hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones (such as most amino acid–based hormones) require second messenger systems to exert their effects?

Accepted Answer

They cannot cross the plasma membrane to enter the cell.

Question 6

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hypocalcemia, including muscle twitching and convulsions. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its normal effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios is an example of hormonal stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

Rising TH levels inhibit the release of TRH and TSH.

Question 9

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose, increased ketone production, and metabolic acidosis

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cAMP second messenger system for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → ATP converted to cAMP → Protein kinases activated

Question 11

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity and acts to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the permissive effect of thyroid hormone (TH) on reproductive hormones?

Accepted Answer

Reproductive hormones cannot exert their effects without the presence of TH.

Question 14

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low blood glucose, low sodium, high potassium

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release calcium into the blood

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 17

A patient is found to have high levels of both ACTH and cortisol. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary tumor producing excess ACTH (Cushing's disease)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Promotes uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells, lowering blood glucose

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a neural stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the concept of up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Target cells increase the number of receptors in response to persistently low hormone levels.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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