Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-duration responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood pressure, edema, and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests reveal excessive aldosterone secretion. Which mechanism is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypersecretion of aldosterone due to an adrenal cortex tumor, leading to increased sodium and water retention and potassium loss

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary effect at high concentrations?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake into bone

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can directly activate genes within target cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors.

Question 5

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose, increased lipolysis, and production of ketone bodies leading to ketoacidosis

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP → cAMP activates protein kinases

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, enhancing renal reabsorption of calcium, and promoting activation of vitamin D.

Question 8

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated growth hormone (GH) levels as an adult. Which condition is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a hormonal stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles and acts as an antioxidant

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Enhances membrane transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with Graves’ disease. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Autoantibodies mimic TSH, continuously stimulating the thyroid to secrete excess thyroid hormone.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood oxygen levels and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO); stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

Question 16

Which of the following is a likely consequence of hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Tetany, muscle twitching, and convulsions due to hypocalcemia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of cortisol during long-term stress?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and mobilizes fats for energy

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones cannot directly activate genes?

Accepted Answer

They cannot cross the plasma membrane and must act through second messenger systems.

Question 20

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose, muscle and bone loss, and hypertension

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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