Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, resulting in more concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 2

A patient with chronic kidney disease is found to have elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. What does this most likely indicate about their glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR is decreased, indicating impaired kidney function.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves toward the area with greater concentration of nonpenetrating solutes.

Question 4

A patient presents with severe diarrhea. Which acid-base disorder is most likely to develop, and what is the primary mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate.

Question 5

Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for creating the medullary concentration gradient necessary for producing concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)

Question 6

A patient with COPD is hypoventilating. According to the equation $$\mathrm{CO}_2 + \mathrm{H}_2O \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}^+ + \mathrm{HCO}_3^-$$, what happens to their blood pH and which system compensates?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH decreases; kidneys compensate by retaining bicarbonate.

Question 7

Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely to cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias and requires immediate intervention?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 8

During prolonged vomiting, which acid-base disorder is most likely to occur and why?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis due to loss of gastric acid.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT normally found in the filtrate produced by the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells

Question 10

A patient is given a hypertonic intravenous solution. What will happen to their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water leaving the cells.

Question 11

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence for urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Collecting duct → renal papilla → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 13

Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Excreting H⁺ and reabsorbing bicarbonate

Question 14

A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) presents with deep, rapid respirations. What acid-base imbalance is occurring and why are respirations increased?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis; increased respirations to decrease CO₂ and H⁺

Question 15

Which of the following is the largest fluid compartment in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 16

Which structure is responsible for monitoring blood pressure and sodium concentration, and releases renin in response to low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 17

A patient with renal failure develops fluid overload. Which of the following signs would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

Edema, increased blood pressure, and pulmonary congestion

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of arterial blood gas (ABG) values: pH = 7.30, PaCO₂ = 50 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ = 24 mEq/L?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of hypokalemia?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 20

Which hormone promotes sodium and water loss, thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

The Urinary System and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

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