Question 1

Which of the following best describes a negative feedback loop in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

A process where the response opposes the original stimulus, such as body temperature regulation.

Question 2

A patient is given a radioisotope for a PET scan. Which property of radioisotopes makes them useful for this medical application?

Accepted Answer

They emit radiation that can be traced within the body.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between an anabolic and a catabolic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic reactions build molecules and require energy, while catabolic reactions break down molecules and release energy.

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?

Accepted Answer

They are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 5

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ M. What is its pH, and is it acidic, basic, or neutral?

Accepted Answer

pH = 4; acidic

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of a phospholipid in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, forming a selectively permeable bilayer.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why water moves into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The solute concentration is higher inside the cell, so water moves in by osmosis.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct pathway for a protein destined for secretion from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus $$\rightarrow$$ rER $$\rightarrow$$ transport vesicle $$\rightarrow$$ Golgi apparatus $$\rightarrow$$ secretory vesicle $$\rightarrow$$ cell membrane

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 10

A DNA molecule contains the sequence 5'-ATCG-3'. What is the complementary mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

5'-UAGC-3'

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na/K pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$$^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ ions into the cell using ATP.

Question 12

Which of the following bonds is responsible for the surface tension of water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a DNA base with its complementary base, and how many hydrogen bonds are formed between them?

Accepted Answer

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) with 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of a denaturing agent (such as high heat or strong acid) on a protein?

Accepted Answer

It disrupts the protein's three-dimensional structure, causing loss of function.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Ability to remain unchanged in all environments

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation has lost electrons and is positively charged; an anion has gained electrons and is negatively charged.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and facilitating cell movement

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They maintain pH by minimizing changes in hydrogen ion concentration.

Unit 1 Study Guide: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry of Life, and The Cell

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