Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and acid-base balance in the body?

$$\text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3 \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{HCO}_3^-$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus, and which equation correctly represents it?

Accepted Answer

NFP is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of glomerular osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure. $$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{HP}_c - (	ext{OP}_c + 	ext{HP}_i)$$

Question 2

A patient presents with tissue swelling (edema). Which of the following is NOT a likely cause of edema?

Accepted Answer

Increased plasma osmotic pressure

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for the production of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Question 4

During dehydration, which of the following changes occurs in the body’s fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Both intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes decrease

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It monitors blood pressure and sodium concentration, releasing renin when needed

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{H}_2	ext{CO}_3 ightarrow 	ext{H}^+ + 	ext{HCO}_3^-$$

Question 7

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur, and why?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis, because excessive CO$$_2 is $$lost

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the nephron is correct?

Accepted Answer

The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule, and is the functional unit of the kidney

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the protein buffer system in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

It acts as an amphoteric molecule, accepting or donating H$$^+$$ ions in both intracellular and extracellular fluids

Question 10

Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the development of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone?

Accepted Answer

Luteal phase

Question 11

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased HCO$$_3^-$$ concentration and arterial blood pH below 7.35

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the vaginal pH is maintained between 3.5 and 4?

Accepted Answer

To inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the movement of fluids between compartments in the body?

Accepted Answer

Fluid movement between plasma and interstitium is primarily driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

Question 14

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of ovarian follicles at puberty?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the micturition reflex?

Accepted Answer

It involves activation of stretch receptors in the bladder, afferent signals to the sacral region, and efferent parasympathetic nerves causing detrusor contraction and sphincter relaxation

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)?

Accepted Answer

Dilutional hyponatremia and cellular swelling

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a component of the male duct system for sperm transport?

Accepted Answer

Seminal vesicle

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the collecting ducts in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

They concentrate urine by reabsorbing water under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR is regulated by both intrinsic (renal autoregulation) and extrinsic (neural and hormonal) controls

Urinary, Fluid-Electrolyte, Acid-Base, and Reproductive Systems: Study Guide

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