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문제 10
The route by which substances are reabsorbed by crossing through the cells of the renal tubule and collecting system is known as the:
a. Paracellular route
b. Transcellular route
c. Primary active transport route
d. Facultative route
문제 11
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ filtration; colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure_____ filtration.
a. Favors; favor
b. Opposes; oppose
c. Favors; oppose
d. Opposes; favor
문제 12
Dilute urine is produced when decreased levels of______ are secreted.
a. Aldosterone
b. Atrial natriuretic peptide
c. ADH
d. None of the above
문제 13
Which of the following conditions does not contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of the medullary osmotic gradient?
a. The countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta
b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons
c. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
d. The permeability of the medullary collecting system to urea and other ions
문제 14
The kidneys produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids increases. They produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids decreases.
문제 15
Normal urine should have which of the following properties? Circle all that apply.
a. Translucency
b. Yellowish pigment
c. Cloudy appearance
d. pH less than 4.5
문제 16
The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:
a. Renal clearance
b. Plasma creatinine
c. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. Inulin estimation
문제 16
Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favors:
a. Absorption
b. Osmosis
c. Filtration
d. Secretion
문제 17
Fill in the blanks for each of the following statements:
a. The process by which urine is eliminated is called _____, and it is mediated by reflexes involving the _____ nervous system.
b. The mucosa of the organs of the urinary tract is lined with _____ epithelium.
c. The three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder are known as the _____ muscle.
d. The female urethra provides a passageway for _____, whereas the male urethra provides a passageway for _____ and _____.