Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System

Hoehn - Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12th edition

Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경

Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott 12th Edition

Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System

문제 23

12장, 문제 23

Robert, a brilliant computer analyst, suffered a blow to his anterior skull from a falling rock while mountain climbing. Shortly thereafter, it was obvious to his coworkers that his behavior had undergone a dramatic change. Although previously a smart dresser, he was now unkempt. One morning, he was observed defecating into the wastebasket. Which region of Robert's brain was affected by the cranial blow?

검증된 단계별 안내

Step 1: Identify the key symptoms described in the problem: a dramatic change in behavior, loss of social norms (e.g., unkempt appearance), and inappropriate actions (e.g., defecating into a wastebasket). These symptoms suggest impairment in personality, decision-making, and social behavior.

Step 2: Recall the brain regions responsible for personality, social behavior, and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex, especially the frontal lobe, is known to regulate these higher cognitive functions and social conduct.

Step 3: Understand that the anterior skull blow likely affected the frontal lobe, as it is located at the front of the brain beneath the forehead and anterior skull.

Step 4: Connect the behavioral changes to damage in the prefrontal cortex, which is part of the frontal lobe. Damage here can lead to disinhibition, poor judgment, and changes in personality, consistent with Robert's symptoms.

Step 5: Conclude that the region of Robert's brain affected by the cranial blow is the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex, which explains the observed behavioral changes.

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주요 개념

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Frontal Lobe Function

The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making, social behavior, and personality. Damage to this area can result in changes in behavior, poor judgment, and loss of social inhibitions, which explains Robert's altered conduct after the injury.

Prefrontal Cortex Role

The prefrontal cortex, part of the frontal lobe, regulates complex cognitive behavior and moderates social behavior. Injury here often leads to disinhibition, impulsivity, and inappropriate actions, such as Robert's unkempt appearance and socially unacceptable behavior.

Localization of Brain Injury Symptoms

Identifying brain injury symptoms helps localize the affected region. Behavioral changes, loss of social norms, and poor self-care typically indicate damage to the anterior frontal regions, especially the prefrontal cortex, rather than other brain areas like the occipital or temporal lobes.

관련 실천

교과서 질문

a. Define cerebrovascular accident or CVA.

b. Describe its possible causes and consequences.

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교과서 질문

Describe the functional problems that would be experienced by a person in which these fiber tracts have been cut:

a. Lateral spinothalamic

b. Ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar

c. Tectospinal

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교과서 질문

a. How is cerebrospinal fluid formed and drained? Describe its pathway within and around the brain.

b What happens if CSF does not drain properly? Why is this consequence more harmful in adults?

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교과서 질문

Mrs. Jones has had a progressive decline in her mental capabilities in the last five or six years. At first her family attributed her occasional memory lapses, confusion, and agitation to grief over her husband's death six years earlier. When examined, Mrs. Jones was aware of her cognitive problems and was shown to have an IQ score approximately 30 points less than would be predicted by her work history. A CT scan showed diffuse cerebral atrophy. The physician prescribed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and Mrs. Jones showed slight improvement. What is Mrs. Jones's problem? Why did the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help?

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교과서 질문

Describe the spinal cord, depicting its extent, its composition of gray and white matter, and its spinal roots.

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교과서 질문

A 10-month-old infant has an enlarging head circumference and delayed overall development. Her CSF pressure is elevated, and she has a bulging anterior fontanelle (fontanelles are the as yet unossified fibrous membranes connecting skull bones in infants). Based on these findings, answer the following questions:

a. What are the possible cause(s) of an enlarged head?

b. Which tests might be helpful in obtaining information about this infant's problem?

c. Assuming the tests conducted showed the cerebral aqueduct to be constricted, which ventricles or CSF-containing areas would you expect to be enlarged? Which would likely not be visible? Respond to the same questions based on a finding of obstructed arachnoid granulations.

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