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문제 1
Cutting the phrenic nerves will result in:
a. Air entering the pleural cavity
b. Paralysis of the diaphragm
c. Stimulation of the diaphragmatic reflex
d. Paralysis of the epiglottis
문제 2
Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is/are not paired?
a. Epiglottis
b. Arytenoid
c. Cricoid
d. Cuneiform
e. Corniculate
문제 3
Under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by:
a. Noxious chemicals
b. The ventral respiratory group
c. Overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles
d. The pontine respiratory centers
문제 4
The detergent-like substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces the surface tension of the water film in the alveoli is called:
a. Lecithin
b. Bile
c. Surfactant
d. Reluctant
문제 5
Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement?
a. Solubility in water
b. Partial pressure gradient
c. Temperature
d. Molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
문제 6
When the inspiratory muscles contract:
a. The size of the thoracic cavity increases in diameter
b. The size of the thoracic cavity increases in length
c. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
d. The size of the thoracic cavity increases in both length and diameter
문제 7
The nutrient blood supply of the lungs is provided by:
a. The pulmonary arteries
b. The aorta
c. The pulmonary veins
d. The bronchial arteries
문제 8
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:
a. Active transport
b. Diffusion
c. Filtration
d. Osmosis
문제 9
Most oxygen carried in the blood is:
a. In solution in the plasma
b. Combined with plasma proteins
c. Chemically combined with the heme in red blood cells
d. In solution in the red blood cells
문제 10
Which of the following has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory centers in the brain?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Calcium
d. Willpower
문제 11
In mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the rescuer blows air from his or her own respiratory system into that of the victim. Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Expansion of the victim's lungs is brought about by blowing air in at higher than atmospheric pressure (positive-pressure breathing).
(2) During inflation of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure increases.
(3) This technique will not work if the victim has a hole in the chest wall, even if the lungs are intact.
(4) Expiration during this procedure depends on the elasticity of the alveolar and thoracic walls.
a. All of these
b. 1, 2, 4
c. 1, 2, 3
d. 1, 4
문제 12
A baby holding its breath will:
a. Have brain cells damaged because of low blood oxygen levels
b. Automatically start to breathe again when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood reach a high enough value
c. Suffer heart damage because of increased pressure in the carotid sinus and aortic arch areas
d. Be called a 'blue baby'
문제 14
The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried:
a. Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
b. As the ion HCO₃⁻ in the plasma after first entering the red blood cell
c. As carbonic acid in the plasma
d. Chemically combined with the heme portion of Hb
문제 15
Briefly explain the anatomical 'reason' why most men have deeper voices than boys or women.
문제 16
Differentiate clearly between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation rate
Which provides a more accurate measure of ventilatory efficiency, and why?
문제 17
Define hyperventilation
If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide?
What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?
문제 18
Describe age-related changes in respiratory function.
문제 19
A member of the 'Blues' gang was rushed into an emergency room after receiving a knife wound in the left side of his thorax. The diagnosis was pneumothorax and a collapsed lung. Explain exactly
Why the lung collapsed?
Why only one lung (not both) collapsed?
문제 22
Describe the functional relationships between volume changes and gas flow into and out of the lungs.
문제 23
Daniel, the swimmer with the fastest time on the Springfield College swim team, routinely hyperventilates before a meet, as he says, 'to sock some more oxygen into my lungs so I can swim longer without having to breathe.' First of all, what basic fact about oxygen loading has Daniel forgotten (a lapse leading to false thinking)? Second, how is Daniel jeopardizing not only his time but his life?
문제 24
A surgeon removed three adjacent bronchopulmonary segments from the left lung of a patient with TB. Almost half of the lung was removed, yet there was no severe bleeding, and relatively few blood vessels had to be cauterized (closed off). Why was the surgery so easy to perform?