Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary growth in vascular plants?

Accepted Answer

Primary growth is responsible for the elongation of shoots and roots, while secondary growth increases the girth of stems and roots.

Question 2

A plant is found growing on another tree but does not harm the host. It absorbs water and nutrients from the air. This plant is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

An epiphyte

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in double fertilization in angiosperms?

Accepted Answer

One sperm fertilizes the egg, and another sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming a triploid endosperm.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why food chains are typically limited to 4 or 5 trophic levels?

Accepted Answer

Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level, so only a small fraction is transferred upward.

Question 5

A population of rabbits in a field increases from 100 to 400 individuals in 2 years. Assuming exponential growth, which equation would you use to estimate the intrinsic rate of increase ($$r$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$N_t = N_0$ e$$^{rt}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor regulating population size?

Accepted Answer

A contagious disease spreads more rapidly as population density increases.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of mycorrhizae in plant evolution?

Accepted Answer

They enhance water and mineral uptake, facilitating colonization of land by plants.

Question 8

A farmer rotates crops by planting legumes one year and corn the next. What is the primary benefit of this practice?

Accepted Answer

Legumes increase soil nitrogen through symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the greenhouse effect and climate change?

Accepted Answer

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, and increased emissions from human activities intensify this effect.

Question 10

Which of the following best distinguishes between a keystone species and a foundation species in a community?

Accepted Answer

A keystone species has a disproportionately large effect on community structure relative to its abundance, while a foundation species is usually abundant and shapes the environment.

Question 11

A plant cell type specialized for photosynthesis and found in the leaf mesophyll is:

Accepted Answer

Parenchyma cell

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world example of biological magnification?

Accepted Answer

Mercury concentrations increasing in fish at higher trophic levels in a lake ecosystem.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche?

Accepted Answer

A fundamental niche is the full range of environmental conditions a species can occupy, while a realized niche is the actual range occupied due to competition and other biotic factors.

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents the logistic model of population growth?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{dN}{dt} = rN \left( \frac{K-N}{K} \right)$$

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity?

Accepted Answer

Pollination of crops by bees

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why eutrophic lakes often have lower oxygen concentrations than oligotrophic lakes?

Accepted Answer

High nutrient levels in eutrophic lakes promote algal blooms, which increase decomposition and decrease oxygen.

Question 17

Which of the following is a mechanism plants use to avoid self-fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Temporal separation of male and female gamete maturation

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of nitrogen fixation?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of atmospheric $$N_2$$ into ammonia ($$NH_3) by $$certain bacteria

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of restoration ecology?

Accepted Answer

Replanting native grasses and removing invasive species from a prairie to restore its original ecosystem function

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between GPP and NPP in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

GPP is the total amount of energy captured by autotrophs, while NPP is GPP minus the energy used for autotrophs' respiration.

BIO 102 Final Exam Study Guide: Plant Biology and Ecology

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