Question 1

A scientist is using restriction enzymes to cut a DNA molecule and then ligate it into a plasmid. What feature of restriction enzymes makes them useful for creating recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, often producing sticky ends that facilitate the joining of DNA fragments.

Question 2

Which of the following is a correct application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation $$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$?

Accepted Answer

To estimate genotype frequencies in a population that is not evolving, assuming all Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met.

Question 3

A population of beetles is drastically reduced by a flood, and the surviving population has different allele frequencies than the original. Which evolutionary mechanism does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Bottleneck effect

Question 4

Which of the following statements about retroviruses is correct?

Accepted Answer

Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria appear pink or red after Gram staining?

Accepted Answer

They have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, causing the crystal violet to wash out and the safranin counterstain to be visible.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier?

Accepted Answer

Temporal isolation

Question 7

A researcher is studying a group of prokaryotes that can survive only in the absence of oxygen and produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. These organisms are most likely:

Accepted Answer

Methanogens

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of transformation in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment by a prokaryotic cell

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Miller-Urey experiment?

Accepted Answer

It demonstrated that organic molecules could be synthesized abiotically under conditions thought to resemble those of early Earth.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Non-random mating

Question 11

A scientist discovers a structure in a whale that resembles the pelvis of land mammals but serves no current function. This structure is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Vestigial

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of CRISPR-Cas proteins in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They use RNA guides to locate and cut specific DNA or RNA sequences, providing adaptive immunity.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The similar streamlined body shapes of dolphins (mammals) and sharks (fish)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of ribozymes in the origin of life?

Accepted Answer

They are RNA molecules that can catalyze chemical reactions, supporting the RNA world hypothesis.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

A species is a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs?

Accepted Answer

Photoautotrophs use light for energy and CO$$_2 as a $$carbon source, while chemoheterotrophs use organic compounds for both energy and carbon.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of taxonomic classification from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Accepted Answer

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 18

A scientist is using PCR to amplify a segment of DNA. Which of the following steps is performed at the highest temperature?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why populations, not individuals, evolve?

Accepted Answer

Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time, not within a single individual.

BIO 1151 Exam #4 Review: Viruses, DNA Tools, Evolution, Speciation, Early Life, Phylogeny, and Prokaryotes

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