Q: A solution has a pH of 5. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

$$[H^+] = 1 \times 10$$^{-5}$$ \ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of emergent properties in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

A population of fish in a lake can regulate oxygen levels, a property not present in individual fish.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about water is correct and explains why ice floats on liquid water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds in ice are more stable and hold water molecules further apart, decreasing density.

Question 3

A solution has a pH of 5. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ \ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, making membranes less fluid at room temperature.

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in denaturation of a protein?

Accepted Answer

A drastic decrease in pH, disrupting ionic and hydrogen bonds.

Question 6

Which of the following is a key piece of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA similar to bacterial genomes.

Question 7

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to endergonic reactions.

Question 9

During aerobic respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the main difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient across a membrane to generate ATP, while substrate-level phosphorylation transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate to ADP.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct result of the activity of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

Fixation of atmospheric $$CO_2$$ into organic molecules.

Question 12

A cell is observed to have a large number of lysosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling cellular waste and foreign material.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why DNA replication is described as 'semi-conservative'?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 14

Which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a nonfunctional protein?

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation caused by a single nucleotide insertion.

Question 15

In the lac operon of E. coli, what happens when lactose is present and glucose is absent?

Accepted Answer

The operon is transcribed because the repressor is inactivated and CAP is activated.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of histone modification in eukaryotic gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

Histone acetylation loosens chromatin structure, making genes more accessible for transcription.

Question 17

A woman who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive) and a man who is not a carrier have a child. What is the probability that the child will have cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

0%

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered semiautonomous organelles?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to synthesize some of their own proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following experimental results would best support the hypothesis that DNA is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Transformation of non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria when exposed to purified DNA from virulent strains.

BIO 311C Introductory Biology I: Comprehensive Study Guide

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