Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why carbon is considered the most versatile building block of biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing it to create a variety of stable and complex structures.

Question 2

A molecule contains a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom at the end of its carbon skeleton. Which functional group does this describe, and what is the molecule classified as?

Accepted Answer

Carbonyl group; the molecule is an aldehyde.

Question 3

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids and is involved in peptide bond formation?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group $$(-COOH)$$

Question 4

During the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides, which type of reaction occurs and what is the byproduct?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water is produced as a byproduct.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between starch and cellulose, both of which are polymers of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Starch is used for energy storage in plants, while cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.

Question 6

A researcher is studying a molecule with the formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$. In aqueous solution, most of these molecules form ring structures. What type of molecule is this, and why does it form rings?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide; ring formation is favored in solution for molecules with five or more carbons.

Question 7

Which functional group is nonpolar, increases hydrophobicity, and is often found in molecules that are less soluble in water?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group $$(-CH_3$)$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the role of the phosphate group in biological molecules such as ATP?

Accepted Answer

It is involved in energy storage and transfer due to its ability to donate protons and form high-energy bonds.

Question 9

A patient is unable to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. Which two monosaccharides are not being separated in this patient’s digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Glucose and galactose

Question 10

Which of the following statements about hydrolysis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis breaks covalent bonds between monomers by adding water.

Question 11

Which macromolecule is correctly matched with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – amino acids

Question 12

A molecule contains a sulfhydryl group $$(-SH). $$What is the most likely role of this group in a protein?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing protein structure by forming disulfide bonds

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a glycosidic linkage?

Accepted Answer

A covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two sugar monomers

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct real-world application of hydrolysis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Breaking down glycogen into glucose during exercise

Question 15

Which functional group is most likely to be found in molecules that act as weak bases, such as amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Amino group $$(-NH_2$)$$

Question 16

A biochemist is analyzing a sample and finds a high concentration of triglycerides. Which class of macromolecule does this sample primarily contain, and what is the main function of these molecules in animals?

Accepted Answer

Lipids; energy storage

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by most animals, even though it is a polymer of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Most animals lack the enzymes needed to break the specific glycosidic linkages in cellulose.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its function?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids – storage and transmission of genetic information

Question 19

A student mixes glucose and fructose in a test tube and adds an enzyme that catalyzes dehydration synthesis. Which disaccharide will be formed?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process by which stored glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis, which adds water to break glycosidic bonds in glycogen

Biological Molecules: Structure, Function, and Types

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