Question 1

Which of the following best describes a benign tumor?

Accepted Answer

A mass of cells that is encapsulated, non-cancerous, and remains in one location.

Question 2

Which process is most directly responsible for the spread of cancer cells to distant organs?

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that is not encapsulated, has abnormal cell structure, and has invaded nearby tissues. Which type of tumor does this most likely represent?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumor

Question 4

Which gene type, when mutated, fails to repair DNA damage and increases the risk of cancer development?

Accepted Answer

DNA repair genes

Question 5

A mutation in the p53 gene is most likely to result in which cellular outcome?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division due to loss of cell cycle repression

Question 6

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing skin cancer?

Accepted Answer

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why malignant tumor cells can spread throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

They lose cell-adhesion molecules, allowing them to break away and travel.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Permanent cell differentiation and specialization

Question 9

A patient with a family history of cancer is found to have a mutated proto-oncogene. What is the most likely effect of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to cancer due to uncontrolled cell division

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of antioxidants in cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

They neutralize free radicals that can damage DNA.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'in situ' cancer?

Accepted Answer

A single mass of abnormal cells at the site of origin, not yet invaded surrounding tissue.

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world example of a carcinogen?

Accepted Answer

Benzene

Question 13

Which equation best represents the exponential increase in cell number during uncontrolled cell division?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ e$$^{rt}$$

Question 14

A patient undergoes chemotherapy and experiences nausea, hair loss, and anemia. What is the most likely explanation for these side effects?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy damages both rapidly dividing cancer cells and normal cells.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia?

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, while dysplasia is an abnormal change in cell structure.

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to occur if tumor suppressor genes are mutated and lose function?

Accepted Answer

Cell division is no longer repressed, increasing cancer risk.

Question 17

Which of the following is a common feature of malignant tumors but NOT benign tumors?

Accepted Answer

Ability to invade and compromise organ function

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why immunosuppressed individuals are more susceptible to cancer?

Accepted Answer

Their immune system cannot recognize and destroy non-self proteins on cancer cells.

Question 19

Which of the following diagnostic techniques is most useful for detecting mutated genes associated with cancer?

Accepted Answer

Genetic testing

Question 20

Which of the following dietary choices is most likely to reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Frequent intake of antioxidant-rich foods such as berries and spinach

Cancer Biology: Mechanisms, Types, and Causes

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