Question 1

Which property of carbon most directly contributes to its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why hydrocarbons are a major component of fats and can release a large amount of energy when metabolized?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocarbons contain many nonpolar C-H bonds that store energy

Question 3

A molecule with the formula $$C_5H_{12}$$ can exist as both pentane and 2-methylbutane. What term describes this relationship?

Accepted Answer

Structural isomers

Question 4

Which functional group is most likely to act as an acid by donating a proton ($$H^+) in $$aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$—COOH)$$

Question 5

A pharmaceutical company develops a new drug that exists as two enantiomers. One enantiomer reduces inflammation, while the other has no effect. What is the most likely explanation for this difference?

Accepted Answer

Enantiomers have different three-dimensional shapes, affecting their interaction with biological molecules

Question 6

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and acts as a base by accepting a proton ($$H^+$$)?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($$—NH_2$)

Question 7

Which of the following molecules contains a carbonyl group located at the end of its carbon skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Propanal

Question 8

A mutation causes a protein to lose its ability to form disulfide bridges. Which functional group is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group ($$—SH)$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between ketones and aldehydes?

Accepted Answer

Ketones have a carbonyl group within the carbon chain, while aldehydes have it at the end

Question 10

Which functional group is responsible for transferring energy in cellular reactions, such as those involving ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$—$$OPO_3$$^{2-})$$

Question 11

A molecule contains both a carboxyl group and an amino group. What type of molecule is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

An amino acid

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the methyl group ($$—CH_3$)?

Accepted Answer

It is nonpolar and can affect gene expression when attached to DNA

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why carbon can form such a wide variety of molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form double and triple bonds with itself and other atoms

Question 14

Which functional group is most likely to form hydrogen bonds with water, increasing the solubility of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$—OH)$$

Question 15

A molecule with the formula $$C_4H_8$$ can exist as both 1-butene and 2-butene. What type of isomerism does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Cis-trans isomerism

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a polar or ionic functional group?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group ($$—CH_3$)

Question 17

Which functional group is most likely to be found in molecules that regulate gene expression and hormone function?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group ($$—CH_3$)

Question 18

A fat molecule contains long hydrocarbon chains. What property do these chains confer to the molecule?

Accepted Answer

They store energy due to nonpolar C-H bonds

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of functional groups in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

They are the components most involved in chemical reactions

Question 20

Which functional group is present in ethanol and is responsible for its ability to form hydrogen bonds?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$—OH)$$

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (Chapter 4) – Study Notes

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