Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

It transmits a signal from an extracellular ligand to an intracellular G protein, initiating a signal transduction pathway.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A growth factor secreted by one cell stimulating nearby cells to divide.

Question 3

During apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans, which gene acts as a protector by inhibiting the apoptotic pathway?

Accepted Answer

ced-9

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why mitosis is considered a 'duplication division'?

Accepted Answer

It results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Question 5

A human cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

$$46$$

Question 6

Which process during meiosis is primarily responsible for generating new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 7

A woman with blood type AB and a man with blood type O have a child. What are the possible blood types of their child?

Accepted Answer

A or B

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between chromatin and chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin is the loosely packed form of DNA during interphase, while chromosomes are the condensed form visible during cell division.

Question 9

Which of the following events occurs during the S phase of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

DNA is replicated, resulting in duplicated chromosomes.

Question 10

A genetic cross between two heterozygous individuals for a single gene (Aa x Aa) results in which expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1:2:1 (AA$$:Aa:aa)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why Down syndrome occurs?

Accepted Answer

A nondisjunction event resulting in trisomy 21

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

It explains how genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other.

Question 13

A male with genotype X	extsuperscript{Y} for a sex-linked recessive disorder and a female carrier (X	extsuperscript{X'}) have a child. What is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$0.25$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Multiple genes independently affect a single trait, resulting in continuous variation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-life example of codominance in humans?

Accepted Answer

ABO blood group, where both IA and IB alleles are expressed in type AB individuals.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of kinetochores during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

They attach spindle fibers to the centromere, allowing chromosome movement.

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios illustrates epistasis?

Accepted Answer

A gene for pigment deposition masks the expression of a gene for pigment color in Labrador retrievers.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why apoptosis is important during vertebrate development?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the removal of unnecessary or damaged cells, such as the cells between developing fingers.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis involves one cell division, while meiosis involves two consecutive cell divisions.

Question 20

A cell undergoes a mutation that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids will not separate properly during mitosis.

Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Meiosis, and Mendelian Genetics: Study Notes

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