Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that houses DNA, while prokaryotic cells have DNA in the nucleoid region without a membrane.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and notes the presence of ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and a nucleoid region, but no membrane-bound organelles. What type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing lipids and detoxifying drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell is important because:

Accepted Answer

A higher ratio allows for more efficient exchange of nutrients and waste across the cell membrane.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the endosymbiont theory for the origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

An oxygen-using, non-photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell and evolved into the mitochondrion.

Question 6

A mutation disrupts the function of dynein motor proteins in a cell. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of cilia and flagella

Question 7

Which structure in animal cells is composed of glycoproteins and provides support, adhesion, movement, and regulation?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 8

Which of the following organelles is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 9

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall composed of cellulose. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Bind cells together to form leakproof sheets

Question 11

Which equation correctly represents the relationship for surface area of a spherical cell with radius $$r$$?

Accepted Answer

$$A = 4 \pi r^2$

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles for transport to their destinations?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 13

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits actin polymerization. Which cytoskeletal function would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the cortex just inside the plasma membrane

Question 14

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes can be free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER, and they synthesize proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances using hydrogen peroxide

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the nuclear envelope?

Accepted Answer

It separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and is composed of two membranes.

Question 17

Which of the following cell junctions allows water, small solutes, and sometimes proteins or RNA to pass directly from one plant cell to another?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 18

A cell is observed to have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a cell wall, but lacks a nucleus and mitochondria. Which domain does this cell most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the pathway of a protein that will be secreted from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Transport vesicle → Plasma membrane

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole in mature plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Stores organic compounds and water, helping with growth and support

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Organelles, and Cellular Junctions

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