Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, increasing reaction rates.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their cell membranes. Which macromolecule is most likely mutated?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 4

A scientist discovers a new organism that stores its genetic information in a double helix structure. Which macromolecule is responsible for this function?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

It has a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.

Question 6

During a marathon, a runner's muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. What is the primary product of anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the structure of proteins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They generate ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 10

A mutation causes a change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a protein may change.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, while cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to the reactions they catalyze?

Accepted Answer

The shape of the enzyme's active site matches only specific substrates.

Question 13

A person is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which type of macromolecule is lactase?

Accepted Answer

Protein

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine–Thymine, Guanine–Cytosine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins.

Question 16

A plant cell is observed to have a large central vacuole. What is the primary function of this organelle?

Accepted Answer

Storage of water and other substances

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are important components of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, creating a selective barrier.

Question 18

A scientist adds a solution of glucose to a beaker containing yeast and measures the production of carbon dioxide. Which process is being measured?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 20

A student is studying osmosis in plant cells. If a plant cell is placed in distilled water, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will gain water and become turgid.

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for General Biology

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