Question 1

A patient with a genetic mutation lacks dynein motor proteins, resulting in impaired cilia movement and chronic respiratory issues. Which cytoskeletal component is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 2

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for forming the cleavage furrow during animal cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Question 3

A researcher observes that vesicles are unable to move efficiently from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Which motor protein and cytoskeletal component are most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Kinesin and microtubules

Question 4

A patient with Alzheimer's disease is found to have large tangles of Tau protein in their neurons. Tau normally stabilizes which cytoskeletal structure, and what is the consequence of its malfunction?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules; disrupted transport of neurotransmitters

Question 5

A child with rapid aging and unstable nuclei is diagnosed with a mutation in the LMNA gene. Which cytoskeletal component is affected, and what is its normal function?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments; forming the nuclear lamina

Question 6

Which organelle is most abundant in muscle cells due to its role in storing and releasing calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 7

A mutation prevents the formation of vesicles at the trans end of the Golgi apparatus. What is the most likely effect on lysosome function?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes will not be able to digest molecules because hydrolytic enzymes will not be delivered.

Question 8

Which of the following findings would NOT support the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts acquire some necessary proteins from the cytosol.

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal component is characterized by a diameter of 7 nm, is very dynamic, and is composed of actin protein subunits?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 10

During cell division, which cytoskeletal component organizes the movement of chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 11

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification of drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

A mutation in a heart muscle cell changes the shape of a protein so it cannot interact with myosin. Which cytoskeletal component is most likely affected, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments; defective muscle contraction

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of intermediate filaments?

Accepted Answer

Providing cell motility via contraction

Question 14

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for digesting macromolecules within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 15

Which cytoskeletal component is described as hollow tubes with a diameter of 25 nm and is involved in cell motility as part of cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 16

Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins destined for secretion or association with the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

Which cytoskeletal component is most stable and is composed of proteins such as keratin, vimentin, and laminin?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 18

Which organelle is a metabolic center where energy is changed from one form to another and is found in both plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Protein processing, sorting, and secretion

Question 20

A scientist discovers an organelle in a plant cell that occupies more than half the cell's volume and stores water, pigments, and ions. What is this organelle?

Accepted Answer

Central vacuole

Cell Structure: Cytoskeleton and Endomembrane System

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