$$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which type of light microscopy would be most appropriate for visualizing live, unstained cells to observe their internal structures in real time?

Accepted Answer

Phase-contrast microscopy

Question 2

A scientist wants to study the ultrastructure of mitochondria at very high resolution. Which microscopy technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Transmission electron microscopy

Question 3

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a nucleus, prokaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleoid region

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing lipids and storing calcium ions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 5

A mutation disrupts the nuclear pore complex in a eukaryotic cell. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Transport of mRNA out of the nucleus

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the amphipathic nature of plasma membrane phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 7

Which molecules will diffuse most rapidly through a cell membrane without the aid of transport proteins?

Accepted Answer

Small hydrophobic molecules

Question 8

Which process requires energy input from ATP hydrolysis to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

Which statement best explains the difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis is non-selective, while receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly selective due to receptor binding

Question 10

Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration and uses oxygen to generate ATP?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 12

Which function is performed by peroxisomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Removal of damaging chemical agents by oxidation

Question 13

According to the endosymbiont theory, which organelle originated from an engulfed prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Sorts and further modifies products of the ER

Question 15

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium and digests it. Which organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the energy source for active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 17

Which property of the plasma membrane allows it to act as a selective barrier for the cell?

Accepted Answer

It is amphipathic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why organelles and membrane proteins are localized in specific regions of a cell?

Accepted Answer

To enable specific cellular functions that define the type of cell

Question 19

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A cell engulfs large particles or other cells, forming a food vacuole

Cell Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport: Study Notes for General Biology

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