Question 1

Which statement best describes the cell theory as it applies to multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

Cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material contained within a membrane-enclosed nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a circular strand of DNA, but no membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 4

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins and is found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will burst because water will enter the cell, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the production of ATP in mitochondria during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 9

Which process allows water to move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 10

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the expected outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 12

Which organelle is nicknamed the 'powerhouse of the cell' and why?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion, because it generates ATP from food molecules.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, lowering the activation energy required.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA in cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA stores genetic information, while RNA helps synthesize proteins based on that information.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of active transport in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump transporting $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ and $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ ions against their concentration gradients using ATP

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to be descended from prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own circular DNA and reproduce independently within the cell.

Question 17

A cell needs to secrete a large amount of protein. Which organelles will be most involved in this process, and in what order?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → Ribosome → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Question 19

Which process is responsible for the movement of large molecules, such as proteins, out of a cell?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 20

A scientist adds a solute to one side of a semipermeable membrane, creating a concentration gradient. Which equation best describes the net movement of water across the membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta \Psi = \Psi_{inside} - \Psi_{outside}$$, where $$\Psi is $$water potential

Cell Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport: General Biology Study Notes

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