Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells must remain small in size?

Accepted Answer

Because smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient exchange of materials with their environment.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the detailed surface texture of a hair. Which microscope should they use and why?

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscope, because it provides detailed 3D images of cell surfaces.

Question 3

Which of the following structures is present in prokaryotic cells but absent in animal cells, making it a target for antibiotics like penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Question 4

If a cell's diameter increases from 1 unit to 5 units, how does the surface area-to-volume ratio change?

Accepted Answer

It decreases by a factor of 5.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 6

A patient has muscle weakness and excessive glycogen granules in the liver. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome (Pompe disease is caused by lysosomal enzyme deficiency)

Question 7

Which of the following is evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own circular DNA similar to prokaryotes.

Question 8

Which pathway correctly describes the route of a protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → Rough ER → Transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → Transport vesicle → Plasma membrane

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Question 10

Which organelle would be most abundant in a pancreatic cell specialized for secreting digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents actin polymerization. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Formation of cleavage furrows during cell division

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 13

Why do antibiotics like penicillin not harm human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan cell walls, which are targeted by penicillin.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Digesting worn-out organelles and foreign invaders

Question 15

Which cell structure is responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 16

A patient with breathing problems, frequent lung infections, and infertility is most likely suffering from a defect in which organelle?

Accepted Answer

Cilia (cytoskeleton)

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a reason supporting the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a single membrane.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why a bar graph is appropriate for displaying the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

It allows for easy comparison of bacterial growth across different antibiotic treatments.

Question 19

Which of the following is the dependent variable in an experiment testing the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

Number of bacterial colonies

Question 20

Which of the following organelles is responsible for detoxifying drugs and storing calcium ions in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Structure, Function, and Microscopy: General Biology Study Guide

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