Question 1

Which of the following best describes the First Law of Thermodynamics as it applies to biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Question 2

A ball sitting at the top of a hill has which type of energy, and what happens to this energy as the ball rolls down?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy; it is converted to kinetic energy as the ball rolls down.

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates an increase in entropy according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A drop of dye spreading out evenly in a glass of water.

Question 4

Which statement correctly differentiates between a calorie and a 'food calorie'?

Accepted Answer

A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1°C, while a 'food calorie' (Calorie) is 1,000 times larger.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains how ATP provides energy for cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is removed, forming ADP.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an example of work performed by cells?

Accepted Answer

Breaking down ATP into ADP and phosphate.

Question 7

During the ATP cycle, which process regenerates ATP from ADP?

Accepted Answer

The addition of a phosphate group to ADP using energy from cellular respiration.

Question 8

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the induced fit model of enzyme function?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate more snugly upon binding.

Question 10

A competitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through a transport protein, without energy input.

Question 12

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink.

Question 13

Which process requires energy input from the cell to move substances across the membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 15

A scientist is studying a cell that engulfs large particles by wrapping its membrane around them and forming a vesicle. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of signal transduction pathway disruption?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in a receptor protein prevents a hormone from triggering a cellular response.

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $$

Question 18

A noncompetitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to a site other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes dynamic equilibrium in the context of diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Molecules continue to move randomly, but there is no net change in concentration across the membrane.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The shape of the enzyme's active site is complementary to the shape of its substrate.

Cellular Energy, Membrane Transport, and Enzyme Function: Study Notes for General Biology

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