Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their final products?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 2

A researcher observes a cell with 46 chromosomes undergoing division. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell contains 46 chromosomes. Which process did the cell most likely undergo?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Question 3

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is primarily responsible for ensuring that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding to anaphase?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint

Question 4

A mutation causes a cell to ignore the G1 checkpoint and continue dividing uncontrollably. This is most likely to result in:

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Question 5

In humans, how many chromosomes are present in a gamete, and what is this number called?

Accepted Answer

23, haploid

Question 6

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, and what is its significance?

Accepted Answer

Prophase I; it increases genetic diversity

Question 7

A child is born with Down syndrome due to nondisjunction. At which stage did the error most likely occur, and what was the result?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis I; homologous chromosomes failed to separate

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosomes are similar chromosomes from each parent, while sister chromatids are identical copies formed during DNA replication.

Question 9

A plant with genotype $$RrYy is $$crossed with a plant with genotype $$rryy. $$What is the probability that an offspring will have the genotype $$Rryy$$? (Assume independent assortment.)

Accepted Answer

$$1/4$$

Question 10

A woman with blood type AB and a man with blood type O have children. Which blood types are possible for their children?

Accepted Answer

A and B

Question 11

Which inheritance pattern is illustrated by a trait that is expressed only when two copies of the mutant allele are present, and is equally likely in males and females?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Question 12

A man with genotype $$X^A Y$$ and a woman with genotype $$X^A X^a$$ have a son. What is the probability that the son will have the recessive X-linked trait?

Accepted Answer

$$1/2$$

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene causing multiple symptoms in sickle cell disease

Question 14

If a chromosomal segment is reversed end to end, this type of mutation is called:

Accepted Answer

Inversion

Question 15

Which of the following best describes independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation.

Question 16

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 17

Which event during meiosis contributes most directly to genetic variation among offspring?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 18

A woman who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder and a man who is unaffected have a daughter. What is the probability that the daughter will be affected by the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$0$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.

Question 20

In a trihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals ($$AaBbCc 	imes AaBbCc$$), what is the probability of producing an offspring with the genotype $$AABBCC$$?

Accepted Answer

$$1/64$$

Cellular Reproduction and Patterns of Inheritance: Study Guide

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