Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the European glass lizard and snakes appear similar, despite not sharing all traits?

Accepted Answer

They both lost their limbs due to convergent evolution in response to similar environmental pressures.

Question 2

In a phylogenetic tree, what does a branch point (node) represent?

Accepted Answer

The most recent common ancestor of the lineages diverging from that point.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is correct?

Accepted Answer

Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a shared derived character (synapomorphy) for mammals?

Accepted Answer

Hair

Question 5

A group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants is called:

Accepted Answer

Monophyletic

Question 6

Which of the following best describes a polyphyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes species with different recent ancestors, not including their most recent common ancestor.

Question 7

Why is it important to distinguish between homology and analogy when constructing phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

Analogous traits result from convergent evolution and do not indicate common ancestry.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct application of the principle of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

Choosing the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.

Question 9

A researcher is comparing DNA sequences from several species. Which of the following would most likely indicate a close evolutionary relationship?

Accepted Answer

A high degree of similarity in DNA sequences.

Question 10

In a character table used to construct a phylogenetic tree, what does a '1' typically indicate?

Accepted Answer

The presence of a particular character in a taxon.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the use of an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

It helps determine which characters are ancestral within the ingroup.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about molecular clocks is correct?

Accepted Answer

They estimate the time of evolutionary divergence based on the rate of genetic change.

Question 13

A biologist is using mitochondrial DNA to identify the source of whale meat in a market. What is the most likely reason for using this type of data?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial DNA can reveal evolutionary relationships and species identity due to its maternal inheritance and rapid mutation rate.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a shared ancestral character for mammals?

Accepted Answer

Backbone

Question 15

If a character is found in both the outgroup and the ingroup, what can be inferred about this character?

Accepted Answer

It is likely an ancestral character.

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The independent evolution of limbless bodies in snakes and glass lizards.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding cladograms and phylograms?

Accepted Answer

Cladograms show only the pattern of relationships, while phylograms also indicate the amount of evolutionary change.

Question 18

A student claims that two species with similar DNA sequences must have similar morphologies. Which of the following best addresses this misconception?

Accepted Answer

Closely related species may have different morphologies due to adaptation or evolutionary change.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of DNA sequence data in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

The most parsimonious tree is the one with the fewest base changes.

Chapter 20: Phylogeny – Understanding Evolutionary Relationships

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