Question 1

Which of the following best explains why diffusion alone is insufficient for gas and nutrient exchange in large multicellular animals?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion is too slow over large distances, so a circulatory system is needed to transport substances efficiently.

Question 2

Which of the following organisms possesses an open circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Lobster

Question 3

What is the primary advantage of a four-chambered heart in endothermic animals?

Accepted Answer

It completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, allowing efficient high-pressure circulation to meet high metabolic demands.

Question 4

Which blood vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 5

A patient is found to have a blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg. What is their diastolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$70\ \mathrm{mm\ Hg}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulses that set the heart rate.

Question 7

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for returning leaked fluid from tissues back to the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

The lymphatic system

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Carrying oxygen to tissues

Question 9

A thrombus is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks blood flow.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why arteries have thicker walls than veins?

Accepted Answer

To withstand and accommodate the higher pressure of blood pumped from the heart.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about countercurrent exchange in fish gills is correct?

Accepted Answer

It maintains a gradient where blood is always less saturated with $$O_2$$ than the water it meets, maximizing oxygen uptake.

Question 12

If $$CO_2$$ levels in the blood increase, what is the immediate effect on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH decreases (becomes more acidic).

Question 13

Which of the following is the main way $$CO_2 is $$transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

As bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) in plasma

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 15

A person is experiencing increased heart rate and force of contraction during exercise. Which nervous system and neurotransmitter are primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system; norepinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of iron in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Iron binds oxygen, allowing red blood cells to transport it from the lungs to tissues.

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood pressure

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of convergent evolution in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why blood slows as it moves from arteries to arterioles to capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area increases, causing blood velocity to decrease and allowing time for exchange.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Filtering harmful substances and activating immune cells

Chapter 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange – Guided Study Notes

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