Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have their DNA in a nucleoid region.

Question 2

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She grows 10 plants with the fertilizer and 10 without. Which group is the control group, and why is it important?

Accepted Answer

The group without fertilizer; it provides a baseline for comparison to determine the fertilizer's effect.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about water is correct and explains why ice floats on liquid water?

Accepted Answer

Ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds keep water molecules farther apart in the solid state.

Question 4

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ \ \mathrm{M}. $$What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = 5$$

Question 5

Which functional group is correctly matched with its structure and property?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group: $$-COOH$$, acts as an acid

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the chain, while saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are straight.

Question 7

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which type of solution is the cell in, and why?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water moves into the cell due to lower solute concentration outside.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction.

Question 9

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced in the overall equation: $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O$$?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH to convert $$CO_2$$ into glucose.

Question 11

A cell is observed to have chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell, with spindle fibers attached to the centromeres. Which phase of mitosis is this?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division and results in haploid cells, while mitosis involves one round and results in diploid cells.

Question 13

Given the DNA sequence 5'-GCCGTAAGG-3', what is the complementary DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3'-CGGCATTCC-5'

Question 14

Which of the following best describes semiconservative replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.

Question 15

A woman who is heterozygous for an X-linked recessive allele (such as red-green color blindness) marries a man with normal vision. What is the probability that their son will be color-blind?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a buffer system in the human body, and how does it function?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system; it minimizes changes in blood pH by accepting or donating $$H^+$$ ions.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

It states that alleles of different genes assort independently during meiosis I.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why water striders can walk on the surface of a pond?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds, creating surface tension.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of ATP?

Accepted Answer

ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guidance for General Biology I Final Exam Review

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