Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a broad explanation supported by extensive evidence, while a hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a specific observation.

Question 2

A neutral atom of carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. How many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$$6$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds in water is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds allow water molecules to stick together, resulting in high cohesion and surface tension.

Question 4

A solution has a pH of $$4. $$Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and has a high concentration of $$\mathrm{H^+}$$ ions.

Question 5

Which functional group is correctly matched with its structure and typical function?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group: $$-\mathrm{PO_4$^{2-}}$$; important in energy transfer, such as in ATP.

Question 6

Which process is responsible for breaking down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 10

Which statement best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape that fits only specific substrate molecules.

Question 11

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O_2$})$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient and ATP synthase.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the antiparallel structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs from $$5' to$$ $$3'$$, and the other runs from $$3' to$$ $$5'.$$

Question 14

A mutation changes a DNA sequence from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA\,3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCA\,TAA\,3'. $$What is the effect on the protein sequence?

Accepted Answer

The amino acid sequence is unchanged due to the redundancy of the genetic code.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why sex-linked diseases are more common in human males than females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele will result in the disease.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 → S → G2 → M

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis does not?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division without DNA replication between them.

Question 19

A monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals ($$Tt 	imes Tt) $$results in which phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Comprehensive Study Guidance for BIO 111 Final Exam Review

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