Question 1

Which of the following best explains why a patient with left ventricular failure (LVF) may present with pale, cold skin and rales (crackling sounds) in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

LVF causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs (rales), while reduced cardiac output triggers vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow to the skin and making it pale and cold.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about erythropoiesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation, primarily occurring in the bone marrow, and is stimulated by hypoxia.

Question 3

A patient’s blood test shows an abnormally high reticulocyte count. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s body is compensating for blood loss or hemolysis by increasing red blood cell production.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of transferrin in red blood cell recycling?

Accepted Answer

Transferrin transports iron from the liver to the bone marrow for new hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 6

A patient with a genetic deficiency in the major plasma protein albumin is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased BCOP, leading to increased fluid accumulation in the interstitial space (edema)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular (AV) valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 8

During the cardiac cycle, what event is responsible for the S1 ('lub') heart sound?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole

Question 9

Which phase of the cardiac action potential in contractile cardiomyocytes is primarily responsible for the plateau, and which ion is most involved?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2; calcium ($$\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}) $$influx

Question 10

A patient with a blockage in the lymphatic system develops edema. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon using Starling’s law of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Blockage prevents the return of excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, increasing interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and leading to edema.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of complement proteins in non-specific immunity?

Accepted Answer

They form membrane attack complexes that lyse pathogens and enhance opsonization.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the primary pacemaker, generating autorhythmic action potentials that initiate each heartbeat.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a person with type A blood cannot safely receive type B blood?

Accepted Answer

Type A blood contains anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate type B red blood cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the flow of blood into capillaries by constricting or relaxing, thus controlling tissue perfusion.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of natural killer (NK) cells in immunity?

Accepted Answer

They destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules, independent of antigen specificity.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the pressures at the arterial and venous ends of a capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive at the arterial end, favoring filtration, and negative at the venous end, favoring reabsorption.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in cardiovascular physiology?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and, consequently, stroke volume and cardiac output.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid electrical and mechanical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes.

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of specific (adaptive) immunity?

Accepted Answer

It involves memory and specificity, allowing a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Comprehensive Study Guide: Blood, Heart, Vessels, and Immunity

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