Question 1

Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of 'descent with modification'?

Accepted Answer

Species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over generations.

Question 2

Which observation led Darwin to infer that individuals with advantageous traits tend to leave more offspring?

Accepted Answer

All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure?

Accepted Answer

The forelimbs of a human, a whale, and a bat, all sharing the same bone arrangement.

Question 4

Which process describes the evolution of similar features in distantly related groups due to adaptation to similar environments?

Accepted Answer

Convergent evolution

Question 5

A population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic. After several generations, most bacteria are resistant. Which mechanism best explains this change?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection favoring resistant individuals

Question 6

Which scientist proposed that body parts used extensively become larger and stronger, while unused parts deteriorate?

Accepted Answer

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence supporting evolution?

Accepted Answer

The presence of identical species on every continent

Question 8

Which equation best represents the concept of population growth exceeding environmental resources, as discussed by Malthus?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{t+1} = N_t + rN_t(1 - \frac{N_t}{K})$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about artificial selection is correct?

Accepted Answer

Artificial selection involves humans breeding organisms for desired traits.

Question 10

Why do soapberry bugs in southern Florida have longer beaks than those in central Florida?

Accepted Answer

They feed on balloon vines with deeper seeds, requiring longer beaks for access.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the unity of life observed among different species?

Accepted Answer

Shared characteristics due to common ancestry

Question 12

Which scientist's work on gradual geological processes influenced Darwin's thinking about slow evolutionary change?

Accepted Answer

Charles Lyell

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of evolutionary trees?

Accepted Answer

Relatedness is determined by the most recent common ancestor, not by proximity on the tree.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The sugar glider (marsupial) and the flying squirrel (eutherian) both having gliding membranes.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the fossil record is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It provides evidence of extinction, origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time.

Question 16

Which of the following is a molecular homology?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code shared by all life forms.

Question 17

Which inference did Darwin make based on the observation that members of a population vary in their inherited traits?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with traits that increase survival and reproduction tend to produce more offspring.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes biogeography?

Accepted Answer

The scientific study of the geographic distribution of species.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

It states that all species are fixed and unchanging.

Question 20

Which formula would you use to model the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations?

Accepted Answer

$$p' = p + s(p)(1-p)$$

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life (Chapter 22 Study Notes)

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