Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of heritability ($$h) in $$behavioral development?

Accepted Answer

The proportion of variability of a trait in a population that is due to genetic differences.

Question 2

In the blackcap warbler experiment, what was the main conclusion regarding migratory behavior?

Accepted Answer

Migratory behavior is a result of genetic differences between populations.

Question 3

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of imprinting in animal behavior?

Accepted Answer

A baby goose following the first moving object it sees after hatching.

Question 4

What is the main difference between predetermined epigenesis and probabilistic epigenesis in behavioral development?

Accepted Answer

Predetermined epigenesis suggests development is programmed by genes alone, while probabilistic epigenesis involves interaction between genes and environment.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic mechanism affecting gene expression?

Accepted Answer

DNA methylation, which can repress gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence.

Question 6

A study finds that rats develop a strong aversion to a novel taste that made them ill, even if the illness occurred hours after eating. What does this illustrate about learning during development?

Accepted Answer

Animals can associate a novel taste with illness even with a time gap, showing adaptive learning.

Question 7

Which experimental result supports the idea that kin recognition in Belding’s ground squirrels is not solely dependent on being reared together?

Accepted Answer

Siblings reared apart still recognized each other and showed less aggression.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the transmission of 'bad mothering' behavior in rats across generations?

Accepted Answer

It is associated with epigenetic changes in genes regulating stress responsivity, influenced by maternal care.

Question 9

During the Dutch famine, children exposed to malnutrition in utero but born into a nutrient-rich environment later in life showed increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.

Question 10

Which statement best reflects the interactive theory of behavioral development?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral development results from dynamic interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-world example of a predictive adaptive response in development?

Accepted Answer

A fetus exposed to malnutrition adapts its metabolism to conserve energy, but later develops obesity when food becomes abundant.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of histone methylation in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Histone methylation can either increase or decrease gene transcription depending on the context.

Question 13

Why is it incorrect to say that any behavior is purely 'genetic' or purely 'learned'?

Accepted Answer

Because both genetic makeup and species-typical environment contribute to behavioral development.

Question 14

Which formula represents the calculation of heritability ($$h^2) in a $$population?

Accepted Answer

$$h^2$$ = \frac{V_G}{V_P}$$

Question 15

A researcher switches newborn ground squirrels between nests and observes their behavior as adults. What is the researcher primarily testing?

Accepted Answer

The effect of genetic relatedness on kin recognition independent of rearing environment.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a consequence observed in individuals exposed to prenatal malnutrition during the Dutch famine?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced glucose tolerance and metabolic health.

Question 17

What is the main function of DNA methylation in the regulation of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

To repress gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why migratory birds can orient themselves using the stars?

Accepted Answer

They learn the star patterns around the North Star during development, which guides their migration.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key insight from studies of maternal care and epigenetics in rats?

Accepted Answer

Maternal care after birth can induce epigenetic changes that affect stress responsivity in offspring.

Development of Behavior: The Role of Genes and Environment in Behavioral Development

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