Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area to maximize nutrient absorption.

Question 2

A patient presents with a stomach ulcer that has damaged the mucosal barrier of the stomach. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this damage?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of autodigestion of the stomach lining by gastric acid and pepsin.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between peristalsis and segmentation in the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis propels food along the tract, while segmentation mixes food with digestive juices.

Question 4

Which enzyme is responsible for the initial chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Salivary amylase; produced by salivary glands

Question 5

A patient with a deficiency in aldosterone would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and low blood volume

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) in urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

It establishes an osmotic gradient in the medulla, allowing water reabsorption from the collecting duct.

Question 7

A patient is found to have glucose in their urine (glycosuria). Which part of the nephron is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to high blood pressure and acts to decrease blood volume by increasing sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 9

A person is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$P_{CO_2$}$$ and decreased blood pH

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why dehydration leads to increased plasma osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Loss of water increases the concentration of solutes in the plasma.

Question 11

Which of the following is the fastest mechanism for regulating blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemical buffer systems such as the bicarbonate buffer system

Question 12

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete sufficient $$H^+$$ ions. What acid-base disorder are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 13

Which of the following ions is most abundant in the extracellular fluid and plays a major role in maintaining fluid balance and nerve function?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 14

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, and what triggers its release?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); triggered by increased plasma osmolarity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the three major steps of urine formation in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 16

A patient is given a loop diuretic. Which of the following is the most likely effect on their urine and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine output and decreased blood pressure

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) can be dangerous?

Accepted Answer

It causes water to move from the extracellular fluid into cells, leading to cellular swelling.

Question 18

Which of the following is a primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and release from bone

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged vomiting leading to loss of gastric acid

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in regulating blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It neutralizes excess acids or bases by reversible reactions involving $$HCO_3$$^-$$ and H_2CO_3$.

Digestive, Urinary, and Acid-Base Balance Systems: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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