$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

They hold together the two strands of the DNA double helix by connecting complementary nitrogenous bases.

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for forming new covalent bonds between nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 3

Given the DNA sequence 5' – ATT GTC AGA CTG TC – 3', what is the complementary DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3' – TAA CAG TCT GAC AG – 5'

Question 4

Which of the following statements about RNA is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

RNA is usually double-stranded.

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of events during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 6

If a DNA template strand has the sequence 3' – TAC GGT AAC – 5', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

5' – AUG GGU AAC – 3'

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why a frameshift mutation is often more damaging than a base substitution?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutations change the reading frame, potentially altering every amino acid after the mutation.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a traditional type of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

dRNA

Question 9

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence of mRNA.

Question 10

A mutation changes the codon UAU (tyrosine) to UAA. What is the result of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A stop codon is introduced, leading to premature termination of translation.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein involved in DNA repair?

Accepted Answer

Increased rate of mutations throughout the genome

Question 13

Which of the following codons is the universal start codon for translation?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 14

A scientist exposes cells to a chemical mutagen. Which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Accepted Answer

The cells may develop heritable changes in their DNA sequence.

Question 15

If the mRNA codon is GAG, what is the corresponding tRNA anticodon and the amino acid it codes for?

Accepted Answer

Anticodon: CUC, Amino acid: Glutamic acid

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'redundant but not ambiguous'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, but each codon specifies only one amino acid.

Question 17

A patient has a mutation in a gene that results in a single amino acid change in a protein. Which type of mutation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Base substitution (missense mutation)

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of a mutagen?

Accepted Answer

Ultraviolet (UV) light causing thymine dimers in DNA

Question 19

During translation, what is the correct order of events?

Accepted Answer

Codon recognition, Peptide bond formation, Translocation

Question 20

A mutation occurs in a cell undergoing meiosis. What is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mutation can be passed on to the next generation.

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis: From Genes to Proteins

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