Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes as shown in the provided diagram?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the pancreas failing to produce insulin, while Type 2 is caused by cells failing to respond to insulin.

Question 2

The colorful microbial mats shown in the hot spring image are most likely composed of organisms similar to which important enzyme source used in PCR?

Accepted Answer

Taq polymerase, which is heat-stable and isolated from Thermus aquaticus.

Question 3

Refer to the PCR cycle diagram. What is the main purpose of the denaturation step in PCR?

Accepted Answer

To separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

Question 4

Based on the exoneration graph, which DNA-based technique has contributed most to overturning wrongful convictions?

Accepted Answer

DNA testing

Question 5

The purple staining in the embryo images is most likely the result of which molecular biology technique?

Accepted Answer

In situ hybridization using a fluorescent or chromogenic probe to detect mRNA expression.

Question 6

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the Sanger sequencing workflow?

Accepted Answer

Directly reading raw, unamplified DNA with no preparation.

Question 7

What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA cloning?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends for ligation.

Question 8

Why is Taq polymerase essential for PCR?

Accepted Answer

It is a heat-stable DNA polymerase that can withstand the high temperatures used during PCR cycles.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains how cDNA differs from genomic DNA?

Accepted Answer

cDNA is made by reverse-transcribing mRNA and therefore lacks introns, unlike genomic DNA.

Question 10

In an RT-PCR test, such as for COVID-19, what does a rising fluorescence signal above the threshold indicate?

Accepted Answer

A positive result — amplification of the target cDNA occurred, meaning the target genetic material was present.

Question 11

How does the CRISPR-Cas9 system edit DNA?

Accepted Answer

The Cas9 protein, bound to a guide RNA, locates a specific target DNA sequence and cleaves both strands at that site.

Question 12

What is the main advantage of using cDNA to produce human proteins in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

cDNA lacks introns, allowing bacteria to produce the correct protein product.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of nuclear transplantation used to clone Dolly the sheep?

Accepted Answer

A differentiated somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the egg's cytoplasm back into an embryonic-like state.

Question 14

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are created by:

Accepted Answer

Reprogramming adult somatic cells using embryonic transcription factors.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world application of PCR?

Accepted Answer

Amplifying trace DNA from a crime scene for forensic identification.

Question 16

What is the main function of DNA ligase in the process of DNA cloning?

Accepted Answer

It joins the cut plasmid and the gene of interest together at matching sticky ends, forming a recombinant plasmid.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the purpose of in situ hybridization using a fluorescent nucleic acid probe?

Accepted Answer

To show where a specific mRNA (or DNA sequence) is located and active within a cell or tissue.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key reason why PCR revolutionized molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the exponential amplification of specific DNA sequences from very small samples.

Question 19

Which of the following is a practical application of DNA-based biotechnology in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Producing recombinant human insulin in bacteria for diabetes treatment.

DNA Tools and Biotechnology: Study Notes for General Biology

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