Question 1

Which of the following best describes the theory of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Populations change over time because individuals with heritable traits that increase reproductive success become more common.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is acting on the population.

Question 3

A population of anteaters has allele frequencies $$B = 0.7$$ and $$b = 0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Bb$$)?

$$	ext{Use: } 2pq$$

Accepted Answer

$$0.28$$

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial trait?

Accepted Answer

The human appendix, which has no clear function.

Question 5

Which statement best corrects the misconception that 'evolutionary change occurs in organisms'?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary change occurs in populations, not in individual organisms.

Question 6

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

The breeding of English Bulldogs for specific physical traits.

Question 7

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what will happen to allele frequencies over generations?

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies will remain constant.

Question 8

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

Traits must be heritable and affect reproductive success.

Question 9

A population of 100 anteaters has genotype frequencies: $$BB = 0.56$$, $$Bb = 0.28$$, $$bb = 0.16. $$Are these frequencies consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if $$B = 0.7$$ and $$b = 0.3$$?

Accepted Answer

Yes, because $$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$ matches the observed frequencies.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among species based on shared ancestry.

Question 11

Which of the following is a trade-off in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

A compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of homology?

Accepted Answer

The similar bone structure in the limbs of humans, horses, and bats.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct biological definition of fitness?

Accepted Answer

The ability of an individual to produce surviving offspring.

Question 14

Which of the following would NOT be evidence for evolution by common ancestry?

Accepted Answer

Completely unrelated DNA sequences in closely related species.

Question 15

Which of the following is a misconception about evolution that is corrected by modern biology?

Accepted Answer

Adaptations occur because organisms want or need them.

Question 16

In a population, if the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$0.6$$ and allele $$a is$$ $$0.4$$, what is the expected frequency of genotype $$aa$$ under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

$$	ext{Use: } q^2$

Accepted Answer

$$0.16$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why inbreeding can be a problem in conservation biology?

Accepted Answer

It increases the frequency of homozygotes, which can lead to the expression of harmful recessive traits.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Small population size.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a transitional feature in the fossil record?

Accepted Answer

A fossil species with both reptile-like and mammal-like characteristics.

Question 20

If a population violates the assumption of random mating but all other Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Genotype frequencies will change, but allele frequencies will remain the same.

Evolution, Natural Selection, and Population Genetics: Bio 94 Lecture 1 Study Notes

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