Q: According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of allele $$a is$$ $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the wings of bats and the wings of insects are considered analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

They evolved independently in different lineages due to similar selective pressures.

Question 2

A population of beetles experiences a drastic reduction in size due to a flood, and the surviving population has much less genetic variation than the original. Which evolutionary mechanism does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Bottleneck effect

Question 3

Which of the following is a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Hybrid sterility

Question 4

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of allele $$a is$$ $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of adaptive radiation?

Accepted Answer

The rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor following the opening of new ecological niches.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Question 7

A researcher discovers a new organism that is unicellular, lacks a nucleus, and can survive in extremely salty environments. To which group does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Halophilic Archaea

Question 8

Which of the following is a key prediction of the endosymbiont theory regarding the origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria have their own circular DNA similar to that of bacteria.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Question 10

Which process is most likely responsible for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between different bacterial species in a hospital setting?

Accepted Answer

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 11

A population of birds lives on two islands separated by a wide river. Over time, the populations diverge genetically and can no longer interbreed even if brought together. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a shared derived character (synapomorphy) in mammals?

Accepted Answer

Mammary glands

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the molecular clock is useful in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

It estimates the time of evolutionary divergence based on the rate of genetic mutations.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of balancing selection?

Accepted Answer

The maintenance of sickle-cell allele in human populations where malaria is prevalent.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between homoplasy and homology?

Accepted Answer

Homoplasy is similarity due to convergent evolution, while homology is similarity due to shared ancestry.

Question 16

A scientist uses radiometric dating to determine the age of a fossil. If the half-life of the isotope used is $$1$$ million years and only $$25\% of $$the original isotope remains, how old is the fossil?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ million years

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection must be occurring.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of peptidoglycan in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support to the bacterial cell wall.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct application of the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

Two populations are considered different species if they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the Cambrian explosion is significant in the history of life?

Accepted Answer

It marks a period of rapid diversification of animal body plans.

Evolution, Phylogeny, and the Early History of Life: Key Terms and Concepts

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