Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes Darwin's hypothesis of evolution from Lamarck's hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Darwin proposed that natural selection acts on heritable variation, while Lamarck suggested that organisms evolve through the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Question 2

A population of beetles lives in a forest where birds preferentially eat the green beetles, leaving the brown beetles to reproduce. Over several generations, the population becomes predominantly brown. Which principle of natural selection does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The wings of bats and the wings of birds, which evolved independently for flight.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A hybrid offspring of a horse and a donkey (a mule) is sterile.

Question 5

Which of the following is a limitation of the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

It cannot be applied to asexual organisms.

Question 6

A river forms and splits a population of rodents into two groups, which eventually evolve into separate species. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the Linnaean classification system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses a hierarchical system of nested categories such as kingdom, phylum, and class.

Question 8

In a phylogenetic tree, a clade is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between homology and analogy?

Accepted Answer

Homology refers to similarity due to shared ancestry, while analogy refers to similarity due to convergent evolution.

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the genetic diversity observed in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Question 11

A bacterium acquires antibiotic resistance by receiving a plasmid from another bacterium through a pilus. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of metabolic cooperation among prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Cyanobacteria forming heterocysts for nitrogen fixation while other cells perform photosynthesis.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the importance of prokaryotes in the nitrogen cycle?

Accepted Answer

They are the only organisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants.

Question 15

Which of the following is evidence supporting the theory of primary endosymbiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA similar to prokaryotes.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes secondary endosymbiosis?

Accepted Answer

A eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that already contains a primary plastid.

Question 17

Which of the following supergroups of eukaryotes includes organisms that are characterized by the presence of cilia and alveoli under their plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians)

Question 18

A group of organisms is found to include a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. This group is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Paraphyletic

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates sympatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

A population of plants in the same area becomes reproductively isolated due to polyploidy.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the principle of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

The simplest tree with the fewest evolutionary changes is preferred.

Evolution, Speciation, Phylogenetics, and Microbial Diversity: Study Notes for General Biology

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